|
|
 |
| Top 20 Countries with
the Highest Number of Citations attracted to Physics Journals
(Ranked by Citations) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Per Capita |
|
Ranked by Citations |
Country |
Papers |
Citations |
Citations per Paper |
Population in 1000 |
Papers |
Citations |
|
|
|
|
ò |
ù |
|
ù |
ù |
|
1 |
USA |
218,045 |
2,719,244 |
12.47 |
308,798 |
0.71 |
8.81 |
|
2 |
GERMANY |
104,592 |
1,100,855 |
10.53 |
82,534 |
1.27 |
13.34 |
|
3 |
JAPAN |
117,017 |
899,691 |
7.69 |
127,938 |
0.91 |
7.03 |
|
4 |
FRANCE |
74,124 |
683,324 |
9.22 |
61,946 |
1.20 |
11.03 |
|
5 |
ENGLAND* |
55,085 |
577,457 |
10.48 |
61,019 |
0.90 |
9.46 |
|
6 |
RUSSIAN FEDERATION |
80,575 |
458,682 |
5.69 |
141,780 |
0.57 |
3.24 |
|
7 |
ITALY |
49,700 |
449,636 |
9.05 |
58,946 |
0.84 |
7.63 |
|
8 |
CHINA |
86,679 |
371,287 |
4.28 |
1,336,311 |
0.06 |
0.28 |
|
9 |
SWITZERLAND |
22,231 |
304,182 |
13.68 |
7,512 |
2.96 |
40.49 |
|
10 |
SPAIN |
28,461 |
261,164 |
9.18 |
44,593 |
0.64 |
5.86 |
|
11 |
CANADA |
24,759 |
238,065 |
9.62 |
33,170 |
0.75 |
7.18 |
|
12 |
NETHERLANDS |
17,407 |
206,652 |
11.87 |
16,450 |
1.06 |
12.56 |
|
13 |
REPUBLIC OF KOREA |
32,313 |
191,334 |
5.92 |
48,388 |
0.67 |
3.95 |
|
14 |
POLAND |
24,529 |
168,958 |
6.89 |
38,022 |
0.65 |
4.44 |
|
15 |
INDIA |
28,786 |
162,061 |
5.63 |
1,186,186 |
0.02 |
0.14 |
|
16 |
SWEDEN |
15,431 |
149,739 |
9.70 |
9,160 |
1.68 |
16.35 |
|
17 |
ISRAEL |
14,040 |
147,556 |
10.51 |
7,045 |
1.99 |
20.95 |
|
18 |
AUSTRALIA |
15,189 |
127,456 |
8.39 |
20,951 |
0.72 |
6.08 |
|
19 |
BRAZIL |
19,956 |
121,789 |
6.10 |
194,228 |
0.10 |
0.63 |
|
20 |
AUSTRIA |
9,137 |
105,854 |
11.59 |
8,391 |
1.09 |
12.61 |
|
Source: Essential
Science Indicators, 1 August 2008.
Thomson Scientific-indexed
journals of Physics. * Population data are from United Kingdom
Note: Top 20 countries (from 87 countries in the
survey) that have attracted the highest total citations to their
papers published in Thomson Scientific-indexed journals of Physics
over the last 11-year period (1997-2007). |
|
This table is derived from a publication
of
SCIENCEWATCH.COM - a web site of
Thomson-Reuters that tracks "Essential Science Indicators".
It shows the 20 countries that attracted the highest number of
citations to their papers in leading physics journals over the past
11-year period (1997-2007). With almost 3 million citations, papers
from the United States of America had, by far, the highest citation
index - almost three times as many as papers from Germany. According
to these statistics China ranked number 8 for citations per physics
paper, while India ranked at number 15.
Statistics like these have, for a long
time, substantiated the supremacy of US physics research. But their
value is highly questionable.
The first step in getting a more realistic
picture of scientific productivity is to analyze the average number
of citations per paper, which could be seen as an indicator
of its scientific quality. Sorting by the number of citations per
paper (click red box in yellow bar !) results in a quite different
ranking. Now Switzerland (with its large CERN physics lab) is the
leading country in physics research.
A second step in evaluating these
statistics would be to relate the scientific production to human and
financial resources. With more than 300 million people and the
highest GDP in the world, the US can easily find the human and
financial resources to produce large numbers of scientific papers.
This is even more obvious for China and India - countries that can
easily find enough competent scientists in their huge population to
produce a few ten-thousand highly-cited research papers. Relating
scientific productivity to population size gives a dramatically
different picture: Now researchers from Switzerland are more than 5
times more productive in the publication of physics papers than
researchers from the US. The second most productive country is
Israel, followed by the Netherlands and Austria (!).
If we look at per-capita citations of
physics papers (click to sort the table), we can see that now papers
from Switzerland are, by far, the most frequently cited - followed
by papers from Israel and Austria. The United States, on the other
hand, has a relatively low citation score in physics papers if
related to population size.
The widely shared assumption, that the US
is the leading nation in basic science is fundamentally flawed. This
assumption does not take into account the relation between human and
financial investments and scientific output. Taking into account
population size as a measure of the human resource base, the
statistics clearly indicate that Europe is leading in basic
research (at least in physics research). China and India, on the
other hand, are still far behind; and even further behind is Brazil,
the leading country of Latin America. For each inhabitant Austrian's
produce more than 10 times more papers in leading physics journals
than Brazilians. During the past 11 years the per-capita number of
physics papers from Israel has been more than 33 times higher than
in China and 99 times higher than in India. China has 159 times the
population of Austria; but physics papers from China received only
about 4 times the citations than physics papers from Austria. |
 |
|
|
|
|
|
 |
|
This data section was updated on 18 December 2011 |
 |
|